DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The first organisms to appear in areas of primary succession are often mosses or lichens. These organisms are known as pioneer species because they are the first species present; pioneer species must be hardy and strong, just like human pioneers.

Detailed explanation-2: -During primary succession, organisms must start from scratch. First, lichens might attach themselves to rocks, and a few small plants able to live without much soil might appear. These are known as “pioneer species.”

Detailed explanation-3: -Pioneer Species Examples Only after pioneer flora and lichens are one with their jobs that pioneer bacteria, fungi, and fauna steps in. Examples of pioneer fauna are: soil invertebrates like ants, worms and snails, also some toads, etc.