DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Lava-sterilized landscapes, newly formed sand dunes, and rocks either deposited or scoured by retreating glaciers are examples of settings in which primary succession often occurs, because these places either lack soil or their soil cannot sustain life.

Detailed explanation-2: -Answer and Explanation: Primary succession occurs after a glacier recedes. Nothing can survive beneath the crushing power of a glacier, but once it melts and retreats, it opens up a fresh ground where life can quickly colonize the available space.

Detailed explanation-3: -A good example of a primary succession is the change in the plant community that followed the retreat of a glacier in Glacier Bay, Alaska, over the last 200 years.