DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -volcanic eruption. Primary succession occurs in the area of a volcanic eruption as this area shows no sign of any previous biotic community. Lava hardens after the volcanic eruption and primary succession starts taking place.

Detailed explanation-2: -When disturbances destroy an existing habitat, secondary succession may occur. This disturbance could be a forest fire or volcanic eruption. The plants and animals are gone, but the soil remains.

Detailed explanation-3: -Primary succession follows the formation of new land surfaces consisting of rock, lava, volcanic ash, sand, clay or some other mineral substrate. o This means that there is NO SOIL present. o Soil is a mixture of mineral, decaying organic material and living organisms.