DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In “climax communities, ‘’ like redwood forests on the Pacific coast of North America, the species composition might change very little for decades or even centuries, with ancient trees dominating the canopy and infrequent disturbances creating few opportunities for new plants to establish themselves.

Detailed explanation-2: -(d) Climax community. Hint: During succession over the rocks, the lichen gets replaced by forests. Similarly, in water bodies also the phytoplankton gets replaced by the forest. So, the ultimate community is the most stable community.

Detailed explanation-3: -Secondary succession is more common than primary succession and takes less time to reach a climax community. Secondary succession begins with the destruction or disturbance of an already existing ecosystem.