DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Examples of facultative parasites are candida, acanthamoeba, etc. Certain fungi exist as facultative parasites but also as saprophytes when they are not infecting the host.

Detailed explanation-2: -Smuts, rusts, and powdery or downy mildew are other examples of common fungal pathogens that affect crops.

Detailed explanation-3: -Nematodes – also known as roundworms – exist in almost every environment and survive as parasites on human, animal or plant hosts. Plant-parasitic nematodes can devastate agricultural crops by interfering with roots; the annual economic loss from such pests is estimated at more than $100 billion.