DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A: The outer bark is the tree’s protection from the outside world. Continually renewed from within, it helps keep out moisture in the rain, and prevents the tree from losing moisture when the air is dry. It insulates against cold and heat and wards off insect enemies.

Detailed explanation-2: -The bark is the outer part of a tree. Similar to human skin, it serves as a protective covering that shields the tree from injury and temperature extremes. The bark of a Douglas fir in British Columbia can be up to 30 centimetres in thickness. The inner bark of a tree is soft and moist.

Detailed explanation-3: -Bark comprises all the tissues surrounding the xylem in woody plants. Broadly, bark includes an inner and mostly living region and an outer, dead one. Of all plant structures, bark has the most complex anatomical structure and ontogenetic origin involving two (and often three) different meristems.

Detailed explanation-4: -Layered outer bark, containing cork and old, dead phloem, is known as rhytidome. The dead cork cells are lined with suberin, a fatty substance that makes them highly impermeable to gases and water.