DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The hydrogen ions are allowed to pass through the thylakoid membrane through an embedded protein complex called ATP synthase. This same protein generated ATP from ADP in the mitochondrion.

Detailed explanation-2: -A photon strikes the antenna pigments of photosystem II to initiate photosynthesis. The energy travels to the reaction center that contains chlorophyll a to the electron transport chain, which pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid interior (the lumen).

Detailed explanation-3: -However, the thylakoid membrane contains a protein called ATP synthase that spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it. Powered by the gradient, H+ ions pass through ATP synthase and force it to rotate. As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.

Detailed explanation-4: -During the electron-transport process, H+ is pumped across the thylakoid membrane, and the resulting electrochemical proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP in the stroma.