DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The buildup of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space forms an electrochemical gradient because of the difference in the concentration of protons (H+) and the difference in the charge across the membrane that they create.

Detailed explanation-2: -Hydrogen ions began to accumulate within the thylakoid space. The buildup of hydrogen ions makes the stroma negatively charged relative to the space within the thylakoids. This gradient, the difference in both charge and H+ ion concentration across the membrane, provides the energy to make ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -The ions flow through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called chemiosmosis to form molecules of ATP, which are used for the formation of sugar molecules in the second stage of photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-4: -The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.