DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by the integration of environmental signals and endogenous hormonal stimuli. The various different factors to which the guard cells respond translates into the complexity of the network of signaling pathways that control stomatal movements.

Detailed explanation-2: -A pair of guard cells surrounds each stoma, and these cells control the opening and closing of the stomatal pore between them. Guard cells regulate this opening and closing in response to a wide variety of environmental signals, such as day/night rhythms, CO2 availability, and temperature.

Detailed explanation-3: -The guard cells control the opening and closing of stomatal pores by the osmosis process. When water flows into the guard cells, it swells up and the curved surface causes the stomata to open. When the guard cells lose water, they shrink and become straight, which leads to closing the stomata.