ECONOMICS (CBSE/UGC NET)

Detailed explanation-1: -The main types of trade barriers used by countries seeking a protectionist policy or as a form of retaliatory trade barriers are subsidies, standardization, tariffs, quotas, and licenses.

Detailed explanation-2: -Trade barriers include tariffs (taxes) on imports (and occasionally exports) and non-tariff barriers to trade such as import quotas, subsidies to domestic industry, embargoes on trade with particular countries (usually for geopolitical reasons), and licenses to import goods into the economy.

Detailed explanation-3: -A nontariff barrier is a trade restriction–such as a quota, embargo or sanction–that countries use to further their political and economic goals. Countries usually opt for nontariff barriers (rather than traditional tariffs) in international trade.

Detailed explanation-4: -Embargoes occur when one country bans trade with another country. This can be limited to one specific good like oil or can include all goods from a specific country. Embargoes are relatively rare, but the U.S. imposed a trade embargo on Cuba in 1962.