ECONOMICS (CBSE/UGC NET)

Detailed explanation-1: -From the firm’s perspective, taxes or regulations are an additional cost of production that shifts supply to the left, leading the firm to produce a lower quantity at every given price. Government subsidies, however, reduce the cost of production and increase supply at every given price, shifting supply to the right.

Detailed explanation-2: -An increase in factor prices should decrease the quantity suppliers will offer at any price, shifting the supply curve to the left. A reduction in factor prices increases the quantity suppliers will offer at any price, shifting the supply curve to the right.

Detailed explanation-3: -The LM curve, the equilibrium points in the market for money, shifts for two reasons: changes in money demand and changes in the money supply. If the money supply increases (decreases), ceteris paribus, the interest rate is lower (higher) at each level of Y, or in other words, the LM curve shifts right (left).

Detailed explanation-4: -Government policies can affect the cost of production and the supply curve through taxes, regulations, and subsidies. For example, the U.S. government imposes a tax on alcoholic beverages that collects about $8 billion per year from producers. Taxes are treated as costs by businesses.

Detailed explanation-5: -To sum up, if the income level of a population increases, the demand curve will shift to the right, since there is more quantity of demand at every price point. The opposite will happen if the income level drops. Now there will be less money to spend, and the demand curve will shift to the left.