EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic changes.

Detailed explanation-2: -DNA Synthesis (S phase) In many cancer cells the number of chromosomes is altered so that there are either too many or too few chromosomes in the cells. These cells are said to be aneuploid. Errors may occur during the DNA replication resulting in mutations and possibly the development of cancer.

Detailed explanation-3: -The conservation of most of these signaling pathways in Drosophila, and the ability to easily manipulate them genetically, has made the fruit fly a useful model organism to study cancer biology.

Detailed explanation-4: -Cell cycle regulators control metabolic enzymes in cancer cells. (A) Highly proliferative cancer cells increase their glycolytic phenotype while reducing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Since glycolytic flux is augmented the resulting pyruvate is converted to lactate and secreted extracellularly.