EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -The ribosome is universally responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence. Ribosomes use cellular accessory proteins, soluble transfer RNAs, and metabolic energy to accomplish the initiation, elongation, and termination of peptide synthesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Protein synthesis Synthesis of new proteins starts in the nucleus, where ribosomes get their instruction to begin the process. Sections of DNA (genes), encoding a specific protein, are copied over to messenger RNA (mRNA) strands in a process called transcription.

Detailed explanation-3: -Ribosomes are the sites in a cell in which protein synthesis takes place. Cells have many ribosomes, and the exact number depends on how active a particular cell is in synthesizing proteins. For example, rapidly growing cells usually have a large number of ribosomes (Figure 5).

Detailed explanation-4: -Membrane-bound ribosomes, attached to the cytosolic side of the ER membrane, are engaged in the synthesis of proteins that are being concurrently translocated into the ER. Free ribosomes, unattached to any membrane, synthesize all other proteins encoded by the nuclear genome.

Detailed explanation-5: -Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein.