EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Lava-sterilized landscapes, newly formed sand dunes, and rocks either deposited or scoured by retreating glaciers are examples of settings in which primary succession often occurs, because these places either lack soil or their soil cannot sustain life.

Detailed explanation-2: -Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time. For example, primary succession may take place following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Detailed explanation-3: -Primary succession occurs in an area that has not been previously occupied by a community. Places where primary succession occurs include newly exposed rock areas, sand dunes, and lava flows. Simple species that can tolerate the often-harsh environment become established first.

Detailed explanation-4: -Primary succession follows the formation of a totally new habitat, such as when a lava flow or a receding glacier creates or reveals new land which is devoid of soil or vegetation.

Detailed explanation-5: -Volcanic eruptions. Retreat of glaciers. Flooding accompanied by severe soil erosion. Landslides. Nuclear explosions. Oil spills. Abandonment of a manmade structure, such as a paved parking lot.