EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Lichens are pioneers: they have the ability to settle on substrates that are very low in nutrients and can withstand extreme temperature and light conditions.

Detailed explanation-2: -Lichens are considered as pioneer species in primary succession on rocks because they can easily grow on rocks where other plants cannot grow. They produce oxalic acid which induced the weathering of rocks and thus soil is formed.

Detailed explanation-3: -Some common examples of pioneer species During primary succession on land, fungi and lichen are the most common pioneer species. They break down minerals in the rock to form soil, which allow subsequent communities to colonize the area.

Detailed explanation-4: -Common examples of pioneer species include bacteria, lichen, mosses, and fungi. In the ocean they can be phytoplankton, zooplankton, and algae.