EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -The vascular plants or the tracheophytes all produce seeds during their reproductive stage except those that belong to the phylum Pteridophyta. The pteridophytes, which consist of ferns and horsetails, do not produce seeds. Therefore they are seedless vascular plants.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pteridophytes are seedless, and they reproduce through spores. They contain vascular tissues but lack xylem vessels and phloem companion cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Seedless nonvascular plants are small. The dominant stage of the life cycle is the gametophyte. Without a vascular system and roots, they absorb water and nutrients through all of their exposed surfaces. There are three main groups: the liverworts, the hornworts, and the mosses.

Detailed explanation-4: -The ferns and horsetails belong to pteridophytes. So, vascular cryptogams or seedless vascular plants belong to pteridophytes.

Detailed explanation-5: -Seedless vascular plants evolved to have vascular tissue after the nonvascular plants but do not have seeds. Gymnosperms evolved to have seeds but do not have flowers.