EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -One key bacterial adaptation is the capsule, an outer layer of polysaccharides that covers the cells of many different bacterial species. Capsules act as a sort of magic cloak, protecting bacteria from toxic compounds and desiccation and allowing them to adhere to surfaces and to escape the immune system of the host.

Detailed explanation-2: -Bacterial capsules are widely distributed and are found in Gram-negative bacteria, including strains of Escherichia coli [10], Klebsiella pneumoniae [11], Haemophilus influenzae [12], and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [13].

Detailed explanation-3: -The three fundamental mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are (1) enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drugs, (2) alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial targets, and (3) changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics.

Detailed explanation-4: -Keywords-Capsule (KW-0875) It has several functions: promote bacterial adhesion to surfaces or interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability barrier, as a defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve. Among pathogens, capsule formation often correlates with pathogenicity.