EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Amphibian skin anatomy. Amphibian epidermis is composed of the stratum corneum (only one layer of keratinized cells) followed by a regenerative basal layer, the stratum germinativum. These two layers are separated by irregular intracellular spaces that are interrupted by desmosomes.

Detailed explanation-2: -While many amphibians, including frogs, salamanders and caecilians, have smooth skin, most toads have bumpy bodies covered with raised glands, some of which produce toxic secretions. But no amphibians have scales.

Detailed explanation-3: -Amphibian skin is rich in mucous glands and poison glands, secreting substances important for gas exchange and playing a fundamental role in chemical defense against predators and microorganisms.

Detailed explanation-4: -Amphibian skin is much more permeable than other vertebrates. Many amphibians use this characteristic to their advantage, especially those animals that live in drier habitats. For example, some species of toads can absorb water from the soil around them by pressing their bellies against the moist ground.