GENERAL GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -For single crystals of sufficient purity and regularity, X-ray diffraction data can determine the mean chemical bond lengths and angles to within a few thousandths of an angstrom and to within a few tenths of a degree, respectively.

Detailed explanation-2: -XRD finds the geometry or shape of a molecule using X-rays. XRD techniques are based on the elastic scattering of X-rays from structures that have long range order. The X-rays get diffracted by a crystal because the wavelength of X-rays is similar to the inter-atomic spacing in the crystals.

Detailed explanation-3: -When a crystalline sample is illuminated with x-rays, the x-rays are scattered (diffracted) into very specific directions with various intensities. Detectors are used to measure this “diffraction pattern, ” which is then processed by computers to deduce the arrangement of atoms within the crystal.

Detailed explanation-4: -Brag’s Law states the following: When the X-ray is incident onto a crystal surface, its angle of incidence, , will reflect with the same angle of scattering, . And, when the path difference, d is equal to a whole number, n, of wavelength, , constructive interference will occur.