GENERAL GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Hydrothermal processes concern the subsurface movements of hot water. (“Thermos” means heat and “hydros” means water.) The heat is usually supplied by upwellings of magma from Earth’s mantle, and the water comes from precipitation that percolates down from the surface.

Detailed explanation-2: -Magma heats nearby rocks and underground aquifers. Hot water can be released through geysers, hot springs, steam vents, underwater hydrothermal vents, and mud pots. These are all sources of geothermal energy. Their heat can be captured and used directly for heat, or their steam can be used to generate electricity.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hydrothermal processing involves heating aqueous slurries of biomass or organic wastes at elevated pressures to produce an energy carrier with increased energy density and is essentially similar to how the earth has produced fossil fuels over millions of years.

Detailed explanation-4: -Hydrothermal systems extract groundwater through open wells from depths that allow the temperature and thermal energy present to be sufficiently high for realising large-scale heating applications (from a depth of z= 1000–4000m). From: Analysis and Design of Energy Geostructures, 2020.

Detailed explanation-5: -The natural formation of a hydrothermal resource requires three principal elements: heat, water, and permeability. When water is heated in the earth, hot water or steam is trapped in porous and fractured rocks beneath a layer of relatively impermeable caprock, resulting in the formation of a hydrothermal reservoir.