GENERAL GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Infiltration occurs when water seeps into the land surface. The water fills pockets of air in the soil and rock. Water infiltrates because of the force of gravity.

Detailed explanation-2: -Two mechanisms generate runoff: saturation, which may be defined as the surplus of rainfall accumulated once saturation of the soil is reached, and Hortonian, in which runoff is generated when rainfall intensity exceeds infiltration capacity of soil.

Detailed explanation-3: -Runoff is the water that is pulled by gravity across land’s surface, replenishing groundwater and surface water as it percolates into an aquifer or moves into a river, stream or watershed.

Detailed explanation-4: -Temperature, wind speed, and humidity are the major meteorological factors, which affect runoff. Temperature, wind speed and humidity affect evaporation and transpiration rates, thus soil moisture regime and infiltration rate, and finally runoff volume.