GROSS ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The dazzle reflex occurs when one or both eyelids blink in response to the bright light shined on the retina. It is a subcortical reflex. The oculovestibular reflex (physiologic nystagmus; “doll’s eyes”) is normal.

Detailed explanation-2: -The pupillary light reflex constricts the pupil in response to light, and pupillary constriction is achieved through the innervation of the iris sphincter muscle.

Detailed explanation-3: -The menace response comprises blinking of the eyelids, in order to protect the eyes from potential damage, but may also include turning of the head, neck, or even the trunk away from the optical stimulus that triggers the reflex.

Detailed explanation-4: -The pupillary light reflex and dazzle reflex. Therefore, it does not test vision, and a normal PLR may be found in a cortically blind animal.

Detailed explanation-5: -It is important to note that the menace response involves cerebral cortical integration and interpretation and therefore is not a reflex.