INDIAN HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Arabic ultimately became the sole official language of the Umayyad state, but the transition in faraway provinces, such as Khurasan, did not occur until the 740s. Although the official language was changed, Greek and Persian-speaking bureaucrats who were versed in Arabic kept their posts.

Detailed explanation-2: -10 The Umayyad caliph ‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685– 705) made Arabic the official language of administra-tion, but Christian and Jewish scribal families continued to run that admin-istration.

Detailed explanation-3: -ʿAbd al-Malik adopted Arabic instead of the local languages as the language of administration. Government officials had been mostly non-Muslim, but the measures of ʿAbd al-Malik enabled Arab Muslims more easily to control affairs of government.

Detailed explanation-4: -Patrimonial/Monarchial Rule. The Umayyad Caliphate would put into effect a type of governmental system which would mimic monarchial rule. This system of government, patrimonialism, is a system of government in which the ruler regards his state as his benefice, and the population under his rule is his clients.