INDIAN HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Nitrias of Pliny and Nitran of Ptolemy is the modern port of Mangalapuram (Mangaluru of today), on the mouth of river Netravati. It was the principal port of Thondi and Musiri until the Cheras took possession of it in the first century.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Periplus reveals how Muziris became the main trade port for the Chera chiefdom.

Detailed explanation-3: -Musiri and Tondi, ancient ports were under the control of which of the following empire? Notes: The Cheras controlled the central and northern parts of Kerala and the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu. Vanji was their capital and the ports of the west coast, Musiri and Tondi, were under their control.

Detailed explanation-4: -Kodungallur was also known as Jangli, Gingaleh, Cyngilin, Shinkali, Chinkli, Jinkali, Shenkala, and Cynkali, which are all derived from the name of the River Changala (or the Chain River, i.e., Shrinkhala in Sanskrit), a tributary of the Periyar.