LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -These membrane proteins are responsible for many specialized functions; some act as receptors that allow the cell to respond to external signals, some are responsible for the selective transport of molecules across the membrane, and others participate in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-2: -Osmosis is a special type of diffusion, namely the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Water readily crosses a membrane down its potential gradient from high to low potential (Fig. 19.3 ) [4]. Osmotic pressure is the force required to prevent water movement across the semipermeable membrane.

Detailed explanation-3: -These receptors are also known as transmembrane receptors. These are proteins that are found on the surface of cells and span the plasma membrane. They bind to ligands that cannot themselves pass through the plasma membrane. These are often hydrophilic ligands or ones too large to make it through.

Detailed explanation-4: -Membrane receptors are specialized protein molecules attached to or integrated into the cell membrane. Through interaction with specific ligands (e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters), the receptors facilitate communication between the cell and the extracellular environment.

Detailed explanation-5: -Transport proteins transport the ions through the cell membrane. Channel proteins help in making pores on the membrane and carrier proteins bind with specific ions are examples of transport proteins.