LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -So the question here is that amino acids are joined together by the hydrolysis reaction for the growing protein. So the answer to this question is that amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide by using the peptide bond.

Detailed explanation-2: -The sequence of amino acid units (amino acid residues) is referred to as the primary structure of the protein. We can break the peptide bonds (amide links) joining the amino acid units together by using acidified water in an acid hydrolysis reaction.

Detailed explanation-3: -Within a protein, multiple amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby forming a long chain. Peptide bonds are formed by a biochemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a neighboring amino acid.

Detailed explanation-4: -A peptide bond can be broken by hydrolysis (the addition of water). The hydrolysis of peptide bonds in water releases 8–16 kJ/mol (2–4 kcal/mol) of Gibbs energy. This process is extremely slow, with the half life at 25 °C of between 350 and 600 years per bond.

Detailed explanation-5: -The protein hydrolysis aims to break down the peptide bonds and to increase the free amino acid and carboxyl groups. The resulting hydrolysate is more soluble and digestable (Contreras et al., 2019). The protein content of several primary agricultural residues is presented in Table 3.5.