LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Many allergies are caused by incorrect folding of some proteins because the immune system does not produce the antibodies for certain protein structures. Denaturation of proteins is a process of transition from a folded to an unfolded state.

Detailed explanation-2: -During protein unfolding, the force exerted by the cantilever is transmitted along the backbone into the membrane protein. The latter is stabilized in its conformation by the interplay between local forces, which in their complexity are represented by the potential energy landscape.

Detailed explanation-3: -A protein becomes denatured when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken. Weak hydrogen bonds break when too much heat is applied or when they are exposed to an acid (like citric acid from lemon juice).

Detailed explanation-4: -Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural (native) state. Denatured proteins have a looser, more random structure; most are insoluble.