LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -Circles in the pedigree represent females and squares represent males. Filled shapes indicate affected individuals, while unfilled shapes indicate unaffected individuals.

Detailed explanation-2: -In this family pedigree, black squares indicate the presence of a particular trait in a male, and white squares represent males without the trait. White circles are females. A trait in one generation can be inherited, but not outwardly apparent before two more generations (compare black squares).

Detailed explanation-3: -Nowadays no scientific paper on genetics involving an extensive family history would be complete without depiction of the pedigree, on which squares represent the male members of the family and circles represent the females.