LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G). Such a substitution could: change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced.

Detailed explanation-2: -Frameshift Mutation A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three.

Detailed explanation-3: -The correct answer is (b) Frameshift. Frameshift mutation usually occurs when there is an insertion or removal of one or two base pairs. These mutations are very common and thus have a greater role in genetics.

Detailed explanation-4: -There are two types of point mutations: transition mutations and transversion mutations. Transition mutations occur when a pyrimidine base (i.e., thymine [T] or cytosine [C]) substitutes for another pyrimidine base or when a purine base (i.e., adenine [A] or guanine [G]) substitutes for another purine base.