LIFE SCIENCE

Detailed explanation-1: -During transcription, a piece of DNA that codes for a specific gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus of the cell. The mRNA then carries the genetic information from the DNA to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs.

Detailed explanation-2: -Transcription occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotic organisms, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. Both processes occur in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes. The factor controlling these processes is RNA polymerase in transcription and ribosomes in translation.

Detailed explanation-3: -The most prominent substructure within the nucleus is the nucleolus (see Figure 8.1), which is the site of rRNA transcription and processing, and of ribosome assembly.

Detailed explanation-4: -The processes of transcription and translation are physically separated by the nuclear membrane; transcription occurs only within the nucleus, and translation occurs only outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.