MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The main factors are disease, genetics, and age. Nutritional status, sex, hormonal status (e.g., the effects of pregnancy), and circadian rhythm have important influences. Maternal toxicity will affect the fetus. The absorption and excretion of drugs are frequently reduced by diseases.

Detailed explanation-2: -Drug absorption depends on the lipid solubility of the drug, its formulation and the route of administration. A drug needs to be lipid soluble to penetrate membranes unless there is an active transport system or it is so small that it can pass through the aqueous channels in the membrane.

Detailed explanation-3: -physicochemical properties (e.g. solubility) drug formulation (e.g. tablets, capsules, solutions) the route of administration (e.g. oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, topical, or inhaled) the rate of gastric emptying.