MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The epithelium of the matrix becomes keratinized through a process known as onychokeratinization, which produces the hard keratin that forms the nail. In the most proximal part of the matrix is the so-called keratogenous zone, responsible for producing the most superficial part of the nail plate.

Detailed explanation-2: -Fingernails and toenails consist of specialized epidermal cells that are filled with keratin. The keratin makes them tough and hard, which is important for the functions they serve. Fingernails prevent injury by forming protective plates over the ends of the fingers.

Detailed explanation-3: -Fingernails and toenails are made from skin cells. Structures that are made from skin cells are called skin appendages. Hairs are also skin appendages. The part that we call the nail is technically known as the “nail plate.” The nail plate is mostly made of a hard substance called keratin.

Detailed explanation-4: -The nail plate is composed of hard, keratinized, squamous cells that are loosely adherent to germinal matrix but strongly attached to the sterile matrix.

Detailed explanation-5: -The nail bed epithelium is composed of a monocellular basal layer, a spinous layer, and, like the nail matrix, is devoid of a stratum granulosum.