MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Reduced acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft results in flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscle, flaccid paralysis of smooth muscles of the gut, and autonomic ganglia dysfunction.

Detailed explanation-2: -Excessive accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses causes symptoms of both muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity. These include cramps, increased salivation, lacrimation, muscular weakness, paralysis, muscular fasciculation, diarrhea, and blurry vision.

Detailed explanation-3: -Nerve gases, such as sarin, and pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. A buildup of acetylcholine in the synapse paralyzes muscles, which can lead to death.

Detailed explanation-4: -Botulinum neurotoxins cause paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. Cholinergic systems are affected the most, but adrenergic systems may also be affected by high concentrations of toxin.

Detailed explanation-5: -Intramuscular administration of botulinum toxin acts at the neuromuscular junction to cause muscle paralysis by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic motor neurons.