MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Only transmembrane proteins can function on both sides of the bilayer or transport molecules across it. Cell-surface receptors are transmembrane proteins that bind signal molecules in the extracellular space and generate different intracellular signals on the opposite side of the plasma membrane.

Detailed explanation-2: -Receptors. Receptors are proteins present in the membrane which bind with their specific ligand to elicit a particular response. The response factor after binding of the ligand creates the response that causes chemical changes within the cell.

Detailed explanation-3: -Membrane proteins mediate processes that are fundamental for the flourishing of biological cells. Membrane-embedded transporters move ions and larger solutes across membranes, receptors mediate communication between the cell and its environment and membrane-embedded enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

Detailed explanation-4: -1: Intracellular Receptors: Hydrophobic signaling molecules typically diffuse across the plasma membrane and interact with intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Many intracellular receptors are transcription factors that interact with DNA in the nucleus and regulate gene expression.

Detailed explanation-5: -Common types of membrane proteins that are extracellular receptors are kinase, phospholipase, and phosphatase.