NEET BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Plasmids are genetic elements of DNA molecules in the form of small circles present within the bacterial cell cytoplasm outside the bacterial chromosome. Because they are separate from the chromosome, they reproduce independently. However, plasmids are bound to multiply in the cell by multiplying the chromosome.

Detailed explanation-2: -A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.

Detailed explanation-3: -Bacterial DNA – a circular chromosome plus plasmids In addition to the chromosome, bacteria often contain plasmids – small circular DNA molecules. Bacteria can pick up new plasmids from other bacterial cells (during conjugation) or from the environment.

Detailed explanation-4: -Steps of DNA cloning Cut open the plasmid and “paste” in the gene. This process relies on restriction enzymes (which cut DNA) and DNA ligase (which joins DNA). Insert the plasmid into bacteria. Use antibiotic selection to identify the bacteria that took up the plasmid.

Detailed explanation-5: -A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms.