NEET BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In case of conjugation in E. coli, donor cells transfer the DNA after the establishment of mating pairs by the agency of slender threadlike surface structures, following by pilus contraction and physical contact between donor and recipient cells [3].

Detailed explanation-2: -Recombination by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been recognized as a key factor in the long-term genome evolution of E. coli, but to which extent HGT generates sequence divergence compared to mutations is highly debated (6).

Detailed explanation-3: -Conjugation is a gene transfer process in which a recipient bacterium receives DNA from a donor bacterium by cell-to-cell contact through conjugative pili. Conjugation is mediated by certain plasmids or transposons.

Detailed explanation-4: -Conjugation has been described in both Gram-negative and-positive bacteria, and even between both bacterial groups. Conjugative transfer using the RP4 transfer system from E. coli to several Gram-positive bacteria was described long ago (Trieu-Cuot et al., 1987).

Detailed explanation-5: -In conjugation, DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells. Transposable elements are chunks of DNA that “jump” from one place to another. They can move bacterial genes that give bacteria antibiotic resistance or make them disease-causing.