NEET BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -molecule is called a DNA vector (carrier). The most commonly used vectors are plasmids (circular DNA molecules that originated from bacteria), viruses, and yeast cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -Viral vector and plasmid DNA are tools to transfer genetic material into cells. Viral vectors are generally utilized as vectors for gene therapy. There are various types of vectors, such as lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and others, which include herpes simplex virus and chimeric viral vectors.

Detailed explanation-3: -Scientists have taken advantage of plasmids to use them as tools to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes. Plasmids that are used experimentally for these purposes are called vectors. Researchers can insert DNA fragments or genes into a plasmid vector, creating a so-called recombinant plasmid.

Detailed explanation-4: -Yeast vectors can be grouped into five general classes, based on their mode of replication in yeast: YIp, YRp, YCp, YEp, and YLp plasmids. With the exception of the YLp plasmids (yeast linear plasmids), all of these plasmids can be maintained in E. coli as well as in S.

Detailed explanation-5: -Yeast Replicating plasmids (YRp): These vectors contain an Autonomously Replicating Sequence (ARS) derived from the yeast chromosome. As the name suggests, these vectors can replicate independently of the yeast chromosome; however, they tend to be unstable and may be lost during budding.