NEET BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell. This cell then divides rapidly and starts making insulin.

Detailed explanation-2: -Human insulin is produced from the INS gene, located on chromosome 11. Rodents have two functional insulin genes; one is the homolog of most mammalian genes (Ins2), and the other is a retroposed copy that includes promoter sequence but that is missing an intron (Ins1).

Detailed explanation-3: -The human insulin gene is extracted from human cells using restriction enzymes. This is inserted into a plasmid using an enzyme called ligase, producing recombinant DNA. The recombinant plasmid is placed inside a bacterium which replicates (the bacterium is now transgenic because it contains DNA from another species).

Detailed explanation-4: -Insulin from cattle and pigs was used for many years to treat diabetes and saved millions of lives, but it wasn’t perfect, as it caused allergic reactions in many patients. The first genetically engineered, synthetic “human” insulin was produced in 1978 using E. coli bacteria to produce the insulin.