OBJECTIVE FORESTRY

Detailed explanation-1: -The young larvae congregate in groups and move actively, feed on the leaf lamina making small punctures. The grown up larvae feed voraciously leaving only the midrib and veins. Egg: Larva: Pupa: Adult: They feed by chewing the leaves from margin towards the leaf veins.

Detailed explanation-2: -Defoliation in turfgrass is caused primarily by caterpillars (Lepidoptera) and also a few weevils or billbugs (Coleoptera). Both caterpillars and weevils have chewing mouthparts and are mostly foliage feeders. Turf-feeding caterpillars fall into five groups: cutworms, webworms, armyworms, loopers, and a skipper.

Detailed explanation-3: -Defoliation is defined as the relative amount of missing needles or leaves in the assessable crown as compared to a reference tree (see below). From: Developments in Environmental Science, 2013.

Detailed explanation-4: -The signs of damage vary, typically depending on the way that the insect feeds on the plant. Damage from insects with chewing mouthparts typically appears on leaves or stems as ragged edges, holes, or other missing tissue. Insects that often cause chewing damage include caterpillars and Eastern lubber grasshoppers.