OBJECTIVE FORESTRY

Detailed explanation-1: -Examples of physical defenses are thorns on roses and spikes on trees like hawthorn. These physical defenses hurt the herbivores and stop them from eating plants’ stems or leaves.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mechanical Defenses Other adaptations against herbivores include hard shells, thorns (modified branches), and spines (modified leaves). They discourage animals by causing physical damage or by inducing rashes and allergic reactions.

Detailed explanation-3: -The predominant function of thorns, spines, and prickles is deterring herbivory in a mechanical form. For this reason, they are classified as physical or mechanical defenses, as opposed to chemical defenses.