OBJECTIVE FORESTRY

Detailed explanation-1: -Brown soils, often referred to as brown forest soils or brown earths, are well drained with brownish subsoils where iron oxides created through weathering processes are bonded to silicate clays.

Detailed explanation-2: -Dark brown or black colors typically indicate that the soil has a high organic matter content. Organic matter coats mineral soil particles, which masks or darkens the natural mineral colors. Sodium content also influences the depth of organic matter and therefore the soil color.

Detailed explanation-3: -As the name suggests, Brown Earth soils are brown in colour. Humification is responsible for the dark colour of the Brown Earth soils. Throughout Ireland, over the last 10, 000 years, our deciduous forest have led to an abundance of vegetation (leaf litter) gathering on the forest floors.