OBJECTIVE FORESTRY

Detailed explanation-1: -Soil Horizons are the distinct layers of a soil profile. They are divided into these layers, referred to as “Master Horizons” (from top to bottom): O Horizon, A Horizon, E Horizon, B Horizon, C Horizon, and R Horizon.

Detailed explanation-2: -Soils are named and classified based on their horizons. The soil profile has four distinct layers: 1) O horizon; 2) A horizon; 3) B horizon, or subsoil; and 4) C horizon, or soil base (Figure 31.2. 2).

Detailed explanation-3: -C and R represent the master horizons and layers of soils. The capital letters are the base symbols to which other characters are added to complete the designation. Most horizons and layers are given a single capital letter symbol, but some require two.

Detailed explanation-4: -The A, B, and C horizons are known as master horizons. They are part of a system for naming soil horizons in which each layer is identified by a code: O, A, E, B, C, and R. These horizons are described as follows. The O horizon is an organic layer made of wholly or partially decayed plant and animal debris.

Detailed explanation-5: -All together, these are called a soil profile (figure 1). The simplest soils have three horizons: topsoil (A horizon), subsoil (B horizon), and C horizon.