THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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A dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of dog biscuits
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A new driver learns to stop at an intersection when the light changes to red
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A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to “Laura, “ and then for “speaking” its owner’s name
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A psychology student reinforces a laboratory rat only occasionally, to make its behavior more resistant to extinction
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Detailed explanation-1: -An example of shaping is when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking.
Detailed explanation-2: -Which of the following is an example of shaping frequency? Least-to-Most prompting follows this sequence: No prompt, gestural prompt, verbal prompt, model, physical prompt. Least effective prompt data collection is a method that is used to track progress in errorless learning.
Detailed explanation-3: -Shaping is the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior. Specifically, when using a shaping technique, each approximate desired behavior that is demonstrated is reinforced, while behaviors that are not approximations of the desired behavior are not reinforced.
Detailed explanation-4: -Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are primary reinforcers. Pleasure is also a primary reinforcer.