SOLAR SYSTEM

Detailed explanation-1: -Granulation is caused by the convection operating below the photosphere. This convection produces columns of rising gas just below the photosphere that are about 700 to 1000 km in diameter. In these columns hot gas rises with a velocity of several kilometers per second, as confirmed by Doppler shift measurements.

Detailed explanation-2: -The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter. The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma. (The terms darker and cooler are strictly by comparison to the brighter, hotter plasma.

Detailed explanation-3: -As it cools, the plasma becomes denser and sinks toward the bottom of the convective zone. Here, it is heated again from deeper within the Sun and rises toward the surface. Energy flows through these convection currents, which appear as granules on the visible surface of the Sun.

Detailed explanation-4: -The convection zone is where energy is transported in gases to the photosphere through convection currents. The gas, or plasma, is hottest nearest to the radiative zone and coolest, denser, near the photosphere (outermost layer of the sun). Due to this, the heated gas rises to the surface and the denser gas sinks.

Detailed explanation-5: -You can observe so-called granules, areas of about 1000 km in diameter, where hot gas from inside the Sun rises to reach the surface of the Sun. As the gas cools down, the gas slides down again into the Sun’s interior. The brighter regions indicate hot, rising gas-the darker regions cool and down-welling gas.