THORAX ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Detailed explanation-1: -The cells of the kidney contain many specialized ion channels and transporters, which act in concert to regulate volume and ionic concentration by absorption or secretion of ions into the urine. Each region of the kidney involved in filtration and concentration of ions expresses a particular subset of ion channels.

Detailed explanation-2: -The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance-their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream’s pH.

Detailed explanation-3: -The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. The kidneys also secrete hormones that help maintain homeostasis. Erythropoietin, for example, is a kidney hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells when more are needed.

Detailed explanation-4: -The most common waste products are urea and creatinine, but there are many other substances that need to be eliminated. The kidneys act as very efficient filters for ridding the body of waste and toxic substances, and returning vitamins, amino acids, glucose, hormones and other vital substances into the bloodstream.