WORLD CIVILIZATION

Detailed explanation-1: -Roman arches were originally made of various types of stone, usually marble. They expanded the usability of the arch by using bricks and concrete, which enabled mass production. Today, they can be made of metal, concrete, or other hard materials.

Detailed explanation-2: -The recipe for Roman concrete was described around 30 B.C. by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, an engineer for Octavian, who became Emperor Augustus. The not-so-secret ingredient is volcanic ash, which Romans combined with lime to form mortar. They packed this mortar and rock chunks into wooden molds immersed in seawater.

Detailed explanation-3: -Roman concrete vs. The conglomerate-like concrete was used in many architectural structures, including the Pantheon and Trajan’s Markets in Rome. Massive marine structures protected harbors from the open sea and served as extensive anchorages for ships and warehouses.

Detailed explanation-4: -The most popular building material in the world today, concrete was first developed and exploited by the ancient Romans, who used it to create monumental public spaces such as aqueducts, churches, baths, and the Colosseum.