WORLD CIVILIZATION

Detailed explanation-1: -1. The mountain ranges encouraged a spirit of independence among the Greeks. 2. One result of the independent spirit of the early Greeks was frequent wars between citystates.

Detailed explanation-2: -The country’s mountainous terrain, many isolated valleys, and numerous offshore islands encouraged the formation of many local centers of power, rather than one all-powerful capital. Another key factor influencing the formation of city-states rather than kingdoms was the Mediterranean.

Detailed explanation-3: -Greece has the longest coastline in Europe and is the southernmost country in Europe. The mainland has rugged mountains, forests, and lakes, but the country is well known for the thousands of islands dotting the blue Aegean Sea to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Ionian Sea to the west.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mountains and the sea cut off Greek centers of population from one another; such geographic barriers led the Greeks to organize many independent “city-states”. Each city-state was called a “polis”. The first loyalty of the people was not to Greece as a nation but to their own city-state.

Detailed explanation-5: -Second, Greece’s mountainous terrain led to the development of the polis (city-state), beginning about 750 B.C.E.