WORLD CIVILIZATION

Detailed explanation-1: -Oligarchies were small groups of powerful individuals who ran city-state government. Oligarchs and tyrants often competed for power.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Greek city-states had no one form of government. Their leadership structures were as varied as the city-states themselves. Most had some form of oligarchy, where a few elites ruled over the rest. Sparta was among these, having both a council and two kings who specifically controlled military matters.

Detailed explanation-3: -Before the first attempt at democratic government, Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates, and the Areopagus, made up of ex-archons.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Greek city-states determined citizenship by descent. Most cities demanded that its citizens be able to demonstrate descent from one parent who was a citizen; but often the requirements were more difficult, demanding that the each citizen demonstrate that both parents were citizens.