WORLD CIVILIZATION

Detailed explanation-1: -Shifting monsoon patterns linked to climate change likely caused the rise and fall of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, according to a study by an Indian-origin scientist which analysed data from North India covering the past 5, 700 years.

Detailed explanation-2: -Indus civilisation decline: Core evidence for Late Holocene climate change. The socially complex and highly urbanised Indus Valley Civilisation began a sustained decline around 3900 cal yr BP (calendar years before present). This decline has been linked with abrupt climate change starting at  4200 cal yr BP.

Detailed explanation-3: -Findings of the Study Later, a decline in the winter monsoon could have played a role in the demise of the rural late Harappans. A shift in temperatures and weather patterns over the Indus Valley caused summer monsoon rains to gradually dry up, making agriculture difficult or impossible near Harappan cities.

Detailed explanation-4: -(Key Concept: (flood, migration, invasion) Answer: The Indus valley civilization started declining from about 1900 BCE. Changes in climate, decline of trade with Mesopotamians, drying up or flooding of the river, foreign invasion of Indus civilisation might have been the reasons for the decline of this civilization.