WORLD CIVILIZATION

Detailed explanation-1: -Throughout the arid regions of Iran, agricultural and permanent settlements are supported by the ancient qanat system of tapping alluvial aquifers at the heads of valleys and conducting the water along underground tunnels by gravity, often over many kilometres.

Detailed explanation-2: -Qanats allow water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without much water loss to evaporation.

Detailed explanation-3: -Qanats are underground tunnel systems that bring infiltrated groundwater, surface water, or spring water to the earth’s surface using only gravitational force. Qanats have been used for irrigation and drinking water for centuries worldwide, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa and Central and West Asia.

Detailed explanation-4: -Qanats have also made an impact on water supply and irrigation in arid regions outside of Iran as well. One such example lies in the Turfan (or Turpan) Basin of Xinjiang, China. The Turfan Oasis qanat system provides water to the Turfan Basin from the Tianshan Mountains.